Glycolipids
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a complex and diverse class of lipid molecules that are widely present in the cell membranes of eukaryotic organisms. GSLs are composed of three parts: hydrophobic sphingosine backbone, glycosyl portion, and functional group attached to the glycosyl portion. GSLs are not only structural components, but also participate in biological functions such as cell recognition, signal transduction, and immune response. CD BioGlyco is committed to providing clients with high-quality GSL products to help them achieve greater breakthroughs in scientific research.
Fig.1 Structure of GSL. (Homan, et al., 2024)
The GSL products we provide cover a variety of types, including but not limited to lacto-series GSL, globo-series GSL, and ganglio-series GSL. These products undergo strict quality control to ensure their purity and functionality and are suitable for research in the fields of immunology, intestinal microbiology, cancer, neuroscience, etc.
Lacto-series GSLs are a class of structurally diverse and functionally rich molecules, characterized by multiple extended forms and carrying complex glycan epitopes and antigenic properties. The addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to lactosylceramide (LacCer) forms lactotriosylceramide (Lc3), a key precursor molecule for all neo-lacto series GSLs. Further expansion of Lc3 is achieved through β1-3 or β1-4 galactose residues. This expansion method not only increases the structural complexity of the molecule but also enhances its specific recognition and signal transduction functions in the body. The lacto-series GSL products we provide to clients include but are not limited to:
Fig.2 Lacto-series GSL biosynthesis. (Ryckman, et al., 2020)
The production of Globo-series GSLs begins with the attachment of α1-4 galactose to LacCer to generate a trisaccharide ceramide molecule Gb3. The more complex tetrasaccharide ceramide Gb4 is formed by adding β1-3 bonded N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to Gb3. This increase in structure gives these molecules greater diversity and specific biological functions. The Globo-series GSLs we provide to our clients include but are not limited to:
Fig.3 Globo-series GSL biosynthesis. (Ryckman, et al., 2020)
Ganglio-series GSLs are a group of highly important glycolipids in the nervous system. Ganglio-series GSLs are subdivided into three subseries: a, b, and c, depending on the different sialic acid structures attached. α2-3 sialic acid is added to the galactose residues of LacCer to form monosialoglycolipids, namely the ganglioside a series. The b series is based on the existing ganglioside a series, and α2-8 sialic acid is further added to α2-3 sialic acid. The uniqueness of the c series GSL lies in its derived multi-layer sialic acid modification, with Neu5Acα(2-8)Neu5Acα(2-8)Neu5Acα2-3 substitutions. The ganglio-series GSLs we provide include but are not limited to:
Fig.4 Ganglio-series GSL biosynthesis. (Ryckman, et al., 2020)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246187
Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
IF: 4.9
Published: 2019
Results: To explore the molecular dynamics of embryonic and pluripotent stem cells within the plasma membrane, the researchers developed fluorescent probes targeting stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3), SSEA-4, and globo-H through chemical synthesis. They isolated giant plasma membrane vesicles from RBL-2H3 cells into detergent-resistant membrane fractions and liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phases to examine the biophysical characteristics of the fluorescent probe analogs. The findings indicated that these probe analogs closely resembled natural GSLs in their properties.
Fig.5 Synthesis of GSL fluorescent probe. (Asano, et al., 2019)
At CD BioGlyco, our superior GSL products are indispensable tools in life science research. Whether you are conducting basic scientific exploration or application-oriented research, our products add new value and possibilities to your work. Please feel free to contact us for more information.
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