Glycosaminoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged polysaccharide compounds composed of repeating units of uronic acid and hexosamine. This structure makes GAGs hydrophilic, forming a gel-like network structure in the extracellular matrix, providing tissue support and lubrication. It is present in almost all mammalian tissues and is involved in tissue structure maintenance, cell signaling, and the regulation of biomacromolecules. CD BioGlyco provides clients with highly purified GAG products to meet the applications in glycobiology, bioengineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, etc.
Fig.1 Distribution and structures of GAGs in the extracellular matrix. (Wang & Chi, 2022)
We provide clients with GAG products of different sources and molecular weights, including heparin, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. We also provide GAG with full-length polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and disaccharides. We also have many GAG products with labels, such as fluorescent dye-conjugated GAG, rhodamine-conjugated GAG, biotin-conjugated GAG, etc.
Heparin is a highly sulfated GAG known for its potent anticoagulant properties. Heparin is mainly found in mammalian tissues such as lungs, liver, and intestines, and is synthesized and stored by mast cells. We provide clients with heparin disaccharide, fluorescently labeled heparin, heparin polysaccharide, heparin oligomer, desulfated heparin, etc.
Heparin sulfate is widely present in various tissues of mammals, mainly located on proteoglycans (such as syndecan and glypican) on the cell membrane, forming an important bridge between cells and the outside world. Unlike heparin, heparin sulfate is more diverse in structure and its functions in biological processes are also more diverse. We provide clients with a variety of heparin sulfates with different degrees of sulfation, heparin sulfate analytical standards, heparin sulfate polysaccharides, etc.
Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring GAG that is widely distributed in the connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and nervous tissue of the human body. Because of its excellent moisturizing and lubricating properties, hyaluronic acid plays an irreplaceable role in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, and skincare. The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid varies within a certain range, ranging from a few thousand to several million Daltons. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid is usually used for lubrication and forming a protective barrier, while low molecular weight hyaluronic acid is more likely to penetrate deep into the skin and exert its biological activity. We provide hyaluronic acid ranging from a few thousand to several million Daltons. We also provide hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides, and hyaluronic acid with different labels such as biotinylated hyaluronic acid, rhodamine-labeled hyaluronic acid, etc.
Chondroitin sulfate is mainly found in cartilage, bones, skin, and connective tissues in animals, and plays a significant role in maintaining joint health, promoting tissue repair, and participating in intercellular signal transduction. The different sulfation positions give chondroitin sulfate diverse structural and functional properties. We provide clients with chondroitin sulfate with a degree of polymerization ranging from dp4 to dp20, chondroitin sulfate disaccharides, chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides, labeled chondroitin sulfate, etc.
Dermatan sulfate is composed of L-iduronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Its uniqueness lies in the abundance of L-iduronic acid, which gives dermatan sulfate different biological properties from other glycosaminoglycans. Dermatan sulfate molecules are mainly negatively charged and interact with a variety of cytokines and proteins to regulate physiological processes. We provide clients with high-quality dermatan sulfate products ranging in size from dp4 to dp20.
Keratan sulfate is composed of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine units. Unlike other GAGs, keratan sulfate does not contain uronic acid components, and its sulfation mainly occurs at the C6 position of galactose. This structure makes keratan sulfate exhibit different physical and chemical properties, such as lower negative charge density and special spatial configuration. We provide clients with keratan sulfate products from different sources to meet your needs.
DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205107
Journal: Cancers
IF: 4.5
Published: 2022
Results: To overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment, the authors developed effective and rationally designed hyaluronic acid and mannose dual-modified iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles effectively targeted and repolarized tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, repolarizing tumor M2 to proinflammatory M1-like macrophages in vitro and in vivo to reshape the tumor microenvironment. Mannose modification enhanced the tumor-associated macrophage targeting ability of the nanoparticles, while hyaluronic acid and iron oxide repolarized M2-like macrophages in vitro and in vivo.
Fig.2 Hyaluronic acid and mannose dual-modified iron oxide nanoparticle. (Nie, et al., 2022)
CD BioGlyco provides clients with high-quality, reliable, and innovative GAG products for cell and molecular biology, biomaterials and tissue engineering, drug development, immunology and anti-inflammatory research, etc. Please feel free to contact us for more service information.
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