Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4 has been used:• to stimulate an inflammatory response in porcine liver tissues in vivo and piglet ileum tissues ex vivo • Stimulate natural killer (NK) cells and hepatic B cells ex vivo • Induce arthritis in a standard rabbit model
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A moiety stimulate cells of the innate immune system by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor protein family, which recognizes common pathogen-associated molecular-patterns (PAMPs).
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