Biological significance of Mono-, Di-, and Tri-phosphate Modification of Nucleotides

Nucleotide modifications can alter various properties of drug molecules, including stability and bioavailability. Changes in the structure of nucleotide phosphate groups affect drug delivery and metabolic processes in the body. For example, altering the structure of tri-phosphate increases the retention time of the drug in the cell and improves the persistence of the action of the drug. By controlling the phosphoric acid modification pattern of the drug, the targeted delivery of the drug in the body can be realized and the non-specific toxic side effects can be reduced. Moreover, modification of the drug into the di-phosphate or tri-phosphate form can improve the effect of gene delivery and expression of the drug in the cell. It is also typical that ATP and GTP, which are intracellular energy and signaling molecules, have tri-phosphate modifications. These modification states allow the regulation of many essential biological processes within the cell, such as protein synthesis and apoptosis.

Fig.1 Chemical structures of monomeric units for natural nucleic acids. (Zhu, et al., 2022)

Mono-, Di-, and Tri-phosphate Modification Service at CD BioGlyco

CD BioGlyco provides specialized Nucleoside & Nucleotide Modification Services with leading Glyco™ Synthesis Platform and Carbohydrate Synthesis technologies. Our modification services include Base-based Modification, Sugar-based Modification, and Phosphate Group-based Modification. The mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate modification services we offer include but are not limited to the following:

• Chemical modification
  Through chemical synthesis, we have a diversity of modification methods for mono-, di- and tri-phosphates, including esterification, alkylation, amination, phosphorylation, and thiolation methods.
  
  • We achieve alkylation modifications by substituting hydrogen atoms in nucleotides for alkyl groups using alkylation reagents.
  • We utilize an amine to react with it, thereby introducing an amino group to the phosphate group of the nucleotide for amination modification.
  • We accomplish phosphorylation modification by introducing an extra phosphate group onto the existing phosphate group of the nucleotide using a phosphorylation reagent.
• Enzyme-catalyzed modification
  We control the degree of nucleotide modification by enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including the number of phosphate groups.

Fig.2 Classification of phosphate modifications. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications

• Nucleotide phosphate modification can be used in the field of drug discovery and development, such as synthesizing fluorescent probes and targeted drug carriers. Through the modification, the properties such as targeting, stability, and efficacy of drugs can be improved.
• In tumor marker detection, the detection and analysis of tumor-related genes can be achieved by specific phospho-modification.
• Phosphate modifications of nucleotides have an important role in gene editing, for example, to achieve site-specific knockout, repair, or replacement.

Advantages of Us

• Enzyme-catalyzed nucleotide phosphate modifications can be carried out in the presence of specific substrates and enzymes and are therefore highly selective and stereospecific.
• We have advantages in the industry in all aspects, including technological innovation, product quality, client recognition, resource integration, and global competitiveness.
• We gain a deep understanding of our client's specific situations and goals and tailor solutions to their needs.

CD BioGlyco provides you with efficient mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate modification services. We utilize advanced synthesis methods and preparation processes to ensure the purity and structure of the modification products and conduct strict quality control and testing of each sample. If you are looking for an innovative and reliable company to provide services, please feel free to contact us.