The Characteristics of Ganglioside (GGS)

GGS is a Glycosphingolipid containing salivary acid and is distributed in the cell membranes of various mammalian tissues, most widely in the central nervous system. GGS consists of an oligosaccharide chain portion and ceramide (Cer), with the lipophilic Cer being encapsulated by a phospholipid bilayer and the hydrophilic oligosaccharide chain protruding into the extracellular fluid. Monosaccharide species of oligosaccharide chains often include D-glucose, D-galactose, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The Cer structure consists of a fatty acid chain and a sphingosine chain. The hydrophilic oligosaccharide chains with different numbers of sialic acid residues, which contain groups, maintain the negative electrical properties of the cell membrane surface. GGS triggers the activation of intracellular signaling pathways by interacting with various cellular plasma membrane proteins, thus participating in numerous biological processes, such as playing important roles in processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration.

Fig.1 Biosynthesis of GGSs in the nervous system of vertebrates. (Ariga, 2017)

GGS-based Cell Surface Glycoengineering Service at CD BioGlyco

The multifaceted biological functions of GGS largely depend on the molecular interactions mediated by oligosaccharides. It is very necessary for the comprehensive extraction, isolation, purification, and characterization of cell surface GGS. CD BioGlyco for GGS monomer and mixture to provide different analysis services, from extraction to identification, the final activity expression. Notably, we provide high-quality modification services of GGS-based cell surface glycoengineering. According to the clients' project needs, our Cell Surface Glycoengineering team provides custom modification services.

• Custom modification service

We modify the glycosylation sites of GGS on cell surface by the corresponding glycosyltransferases. Different glycosyltransferases are involved in the biosynthesis and metabolic processes of a-series and b-series GGS, respectively. In addition, our investigators provide the expression and identification services of specific glycosyltransferases.

• N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid modifications: A major modification in GGS-based cell surface glycoengineering is the hydroxylation of the N-bound acetyl to form N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (NeuGc), catalyze by the CMP-NeuNAc hydroxylase (CMAH gene). After metabolic processing and incorporated into glycoconjugates, and then expressed on the surface of epithelial and endothelial cells.
• O-acetylation modifications: By providing modifications at sites C4, C7, C8, and C9. The O-acetylation modification reduces the rate of sialidase hydrolysis.
• Lactonization: We provide esterification modification services of cell surface ionic residues, forming the terminal carboxylic acid with the (7-or) 9-hydroxyl group of the internal sialic acid. This modification affects the conformation, aggregation, and biological properties of glycolipids on the cell surface, thereby modulating cell-mediated processes.

• Purification service

• CD BioGlyco for GGS extraction by using mammalian tissues and organs as raw materials. We provide two extraction services: solvent distribution and membrane filtration.
• The crude lipid of GGS obtained after extraction is generally a mixture containing various gangliosides. A single GGS isolated from the ganglioside mixture is further purified according to the size of the molecule and the nature of the molecular group. At CD BioGlyco, we provide ion exchange chromatography (IEC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) analysis services. These are more extensive adaptability and higher sensitivity.
• CD BioGlyco for GGS structural identification by using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS), with high separation efficiency and resolution, high analytical speed, experimental repeatability, and ease of automation and miniaturization.

• Given the interaction between active experiment and protein, we provide GGS sugar chip and mouse experiment technical service support, to provide clients with the best sugar chip construction route and bacterial toxin interaction. Based on mouse assay services, we provide immunostaining, high-efficiency thin-layer chromatography, antibody screening, and other technical services.

Fig.2 Flowchart of GGS analysis service. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications of GGS-based Cell Surface Glycoengineering

• Blocking specific steps of ganglioside metabolism produces unique neural and auditory phenotypes, acting as adjuncts for drug development to use in neurological disorders.
• Modified GGS-based cell surface glycoengineering can be used to maintain membrane integrity and function and regulate brain development.
• Modified GGS-based cell surface is involved in adjuvant drug therapy and development in the clinical treatment of patients with Parkinson's syndrome.

Advantages

• Our talent team has many years of experience in Cell Surface Glycolipid Glycoengineering services. Our company provides highly efficient, accurate, and reproducible GGS-based cell surface glycoengineering services with the Glycoengineering Platform.
• Moreover, we provide fully integrated ganglioside analysis and characterization services to clients.

CD BioGlyco has always been recognized by clients for our professional and considerate services. We have professional technical personnel and a first-class service team, accurate and fast for you to provide services. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.