The Characteristics of the NAD

NAD is a pyridine nucleotide, which consists of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) fragments linked by pyrophosphate. NMN has two isomers, α, and β. NAD⁺ is composed of β-NMN. The primary bearer of chemical function is the NMN fragment, which plays a role in transferring electrons and hydrogens in redox reactions. AMP fragment allows NAD⁺ to bind to the enzyme active center and interact with the relevant structural domains of functional proteins. NAD is an essential coenzyme that regulates various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, β-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, NAD regulates DNA repair, gene expression, energy metabolism, and stress responses. Many studies have shown that NAD metabolism is closely related to cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging-related diseases.

Fig.1 Chemical structure of NAD⁺ and NAD⁺ analogs. (Hou, et al., 2016)

NAD Production Service at CD BioGlyco

NAD has attracted much attention because of its wide range of biological functions. CD BioGlyco provides different biosynthesis methods for the efficient production of NAD. Several synthetic services and detection services are as follows:

• Chemical synthesis methods

At CD BioGlyco, we use the coupling reaction of benzene ethanol phosphate monoester and NMN as the basic model of the reaction synthesis route, to optimize the reaction time and temperature. Both strategies effectively synthesize NAD. Our company has rich experience in chemical synthesis, professional experimenters, and advanced isolation and purification instruments to ensure the quality of synthetic products.

• The first strategy employed activated β-NMN, in which intermediates are not separated without purification. We directly coupled to aliphatic phosphate esters to synthesize NAD analogs. The reaction yield was higher because the aliphatic phosphate ester is more nucleophilic than the positively charged β -NMN.
• The second strategy is to adopt activated aliphatic phosphate esters. Firstly, catalyzing the aliphatic phosphate and morpholine reaction by DCC, isolated and purified to obtain morpholino intermediates. This intermediate further proceeds through catalysis, coupling to β -NMN to form a pyrophosphate bond.

• Biosynthetic methods

We provide three main ways for cells to synthesize NAD⁺: de novo synthesis or the press-handler pathway and the salvage pathway. These three reaction pathways have different substrates, and different kinds of enzymes are added to catalyze the reaction to form NAD.

• New Biotechnology

CD BioGlyco encapsulated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate oxidase (LOX), and catalase (CAT) in a permeable nanoreactor to achieve the continuous production of NAD⁺.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of NAD biosynthesis. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications of NAD

• NAD is used as a therapeutically relevant drug target.
• NAD regulates various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, β -oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• NAD plays a key role in DNA repair, gene expression, and energy metabolism.

Advantages

• With rich experience in synthesis and the advanced Glyco™ Synthesis Platform , we provide custom synthetic routes to our clients.
• Comprehensive real-time monitoring in the process.
• Product purification was separated from characterizing the raw data.
• Biosynthetic methods have simple process conditions, green environmental protection, and short time-consuming advantages.

CD BioGlyco has been committed to the research and development of new methods of Nucleotide-based Production. We provide outstanding products and services to our clients. Moreover, we offer high-purity cAMP, cGMP, FAD, FMN, NADP, and Guanosine Pentaphosphate (pppGpp) Production Services. Please feel free to contact us for more information.